1. Introduction Counting fruits on trees is one of the most deceptively difficult problems in computer vision. Mangoes vary in size, shape, lighting, occlusion, and background clutter. Traditional image‑processing pipelines — thresholding, segmentation, contour detection — break down quickly in real orchards. Modern deep learning changed this landscape. Among all object‑detection architectures, YOLO (You Only Look Once) [1] stands out for its speed, simplicity, and real‑time